UC Research Profile - University of Canterbury

Professor Milo Kral

Contact

Department: Mechanical Engineering

Email: milo.kral@canterbury.ac.nz

Office: Mechanical Engineering E501

Language: English

About

Research / Creative works

Networks

Projects

Methods & Equipment

Fields of Research

Aluminium casting alloy processes and properties
High temperature alloys
Magnesium alloy development and characterisation
Microstructural characterisation using analytical electron microscopy and diffraction methods
Solid state phase transformations

Researcher Summary

Research interests include: magnesium casting alloy development; creep in wrought magnesium alloys; high temperature corrosion processes in stainless steels; biomaterials wear testing; production methods for optimizing mechanical properties in al-si casting alloys; intermetallics in al-si alloys; precipitation mechanisms in titanium alloys; and use of electron diffraction (EBSD, SAD, CBED etc) for research.

Subject Area: Disciplines

Engineering and Technology: Materials

Resources

Staff webpage

Prizes and Awards

International Metallographic Society (IMS) ( 2014 - present )

IPENZ ( 2013 - present )

Research/Scholarly/Creative Works

Journal Articles

Loporcaro G., Cuevas A., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2022) Strain-ageing effects on the residual low-cycle fatigue life of low-carbon steel reinforcement. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions 55(2) http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01885-0.

Young AM., Kral MV. and Bishop CM. (2022) Carbide formation accompanying internal nitridation of austenitic stainless steel. Materials Characterization 184 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111662.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2021) Carbide Formation Accompanying Internal Nitridation of Austenitic Stainless Steel. Materials Characterization (Accepted).

Bishop CM., Mucalo SP., Kral MV. and Lewis DJ. (2020) Continuous Grain Size Gradients in Austenitic Incoloy 800H: Design, Processing, and Characterization. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 51(4): 1719-1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05622-1.

Kral MV., Beardsley AL. and Breeuwer NJ. (2020) Failure Analysis of Shipping Container Handler Twistlock Pin. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 20(3): 641-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-020-00871-4.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2020) Time-Temperature-Precipitation Relations for Nitrides and Evaluation of Internal Oxidation Theory for Nitridation of Austenitic Stainless Steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science Accepted.

Young AM., Kral MV. and Bishop CM. (2020) Time–Temperature–Precipitation Relations for Nitrides and Evaluation of Internal Oxidation Theory for Nitridation of Austenitic Stainless Steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 51(9): 4456-4470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05868-0.

Beardsley AL. and Kral MV. (2019) Failure Analysis of a Jet Boat Steering Linkage. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 19(6): 1551-1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-019-00786-9.

Beardsley AL., Bishop CM. and Kral MV. (2019) A Deformation Mechanism Map for Incoloy 800H Optimized Using the Genetic Algorithm. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 50(9): 4098-4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05350-6.

Loporcaro G., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2019) Long-term strain-ageing effects on low-carbon steel reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials 228 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.332.

Brice CA., Tayon WA., Newman JA., Kral M., Bishop CM. and Sokolova A. (2018) Effect of compositional changes on microstructure in additively manufactured aluminum alloy 2139. Materials Characterization 143: 50-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.04.002.

Brice CA., Tayon WA., Newman JA., Kral MV., Bishop C. and Sokolova A. (2018) Effect of compositional changes on microstructure in additively manufactured aluminum alloy 2139. Materials Characterization 143: 50-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.04.002.

Kral MV., Maher CM. and McSwain RH. (2018) Failure analysis of a brazed, stainless steel fuel injection line. Engineering Failure Analysis 88: 54-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.02.014.

Loporcaro G., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2018) Estimating Plastic Strain and Residual Strain Capacity of Earthquake-Damaged Steel Reinforcing Bars. Journal of Structural Engineering 144(5) 04018027: 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001982.

Beardsley AL., Bishop CM. and Kral MV. (2016) EBSD characterization of pilgered alloy 800H after heat treatment. Materials Performance and Characterization 5(5): 717-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/MPC20160062.

Beardsley AL., Bishop CM. and Kral MV. (2016) EBSD characterization of pilgered alloy 800H after heat treatment. Materials Performance and Characterization 5(5): 717-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/MPC20160062.

McLeod AC., Bishop CM., Stevens KJ. and Kral MV. (2016) Microstructural Characterization and Image Analysis in Ex-Service HP Alloy Stainless Steel Tubes for Ethylene Pyrolysis. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 5(3): 178-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0274-0.

McLeod AC., Bishop CM., Stevens KJ. and Kral MV. (2016) Microstructural Characterization and Image Analysis in Ex-Service HP Alloy Stainless Steel Tubes for Ethylene Pyrolysis. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 5(3): 178-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0274-0.

Brice C., Shenoy R., Kral M. and Buchannan K. (2015) Precipitation behavior of aluminum alloy 2139 fabricated using additive manufacturing. Materials Science and Engineering: A 648: 9-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.088.

McLeod AC., Bishop CM., Stevens KJ. and Kral MV. (2015) Microstructure and Carburization Detection in HP Alloy Pyrolysis Tubes. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis 4(4): 273-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-015-0210-8.

Reyngoud BP., Bishop CM. and Kral MK. (2015) Hybrid materials design to control creep in metallic pipes. Materials & Design 84: 25-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.089.

Reyngoud BP., Bishop CM. and Kral MK. (2015) Hybrid materials design to control creep in metallic pipes. Materials & Design 84: 25-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.089.

Buchanan KG., Kral MV. and Bishop CM. (2014) Crystallography and Morphology of MC Carbides in Niobium-Titanium Modified As-Cast HP Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45(8): 3373-3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2285-2.

Buchanan KG., Kral MV. and Bishop CM. (2014) Crystallography and Morphology of MC Carbides in Niobium-Titanium Modified As-Cast HP Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45(8): 3373-3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2285-2.

Sidhu MS., Bishop CM. and Kral MV. (2014) Formation of aluminium carbide by cast iron and liquid aluminium interaction. International Journal of Cast Metals Research 27(6): 321-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743133614Y.0000000110.

Buchanan KG. and Kral MV. (2012) Crystallography and Morphology of Niobium Carbide in As-Cast HP-Niobium Reformer Tubes. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 43(6): 1760-1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-1025-0.

Drabble DJ., Bishop CM. and Kral MV. (2011) A Microstructural Study of Grain Boundary Engineered Alloy 800H. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 42(3): 763-772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0447-4.

Alexander K., Donohue B., Feese T., Vanderlinden G. and Kral M. (2010) Failure Analysis of an MVR (mechanical vapor recompressor) Impeller. Engineering Failure Analysis 17(6): 1346-1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.03.009.

Kral MV., Drabble DJF., Gardiner BR. and Tait PC. (2009) Implications of EBSD-based Grain Size Measurement on Structure-Property Correlations. Praktische Metallographie 46(9): 469-482.

Spanos G. and Kral MV. (2009) The proeutectoid cementite transformation in steels. International Materials Reviews 54(1): 19-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328009X392949.

Sato T. and Kral MV. (2008) Electron Backscatter Diffraction Mapping of Microstructural Evolution of Pure Magnesium during Creep. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 39(3): 688-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9360-x.

Sato T. and Kral MV. (2008) Microstructural evolution of Mg-Al-Ca-Sr alloy during creep. Materials Science and Engineering: A 498(1-2): 369-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.08.006.

Kral MV., Muddle BC. and Nie JF. (2007) Crystallography of the bcc/hcp transformation in a Mg-8Li Alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A 460-461: 227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.102.

De Graef M., Kral MV. and Hillert M. (2006) A Modern 3-D View of an "Old" Pearlite Colony. Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (JOM) 58(12): 25-28.

Kral MV., Nakashima PKN. and Mitchell DRG. (2006) Electron microscope studies of AI-Fe-Si intermetallics in an AI-11 Pct Si alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 37A(6): 1987-1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0141-8.

Kral MV., Nakashima PNH. and Mitchell DRG. (2006) Electron microscope studies of AI-Fe-Si intermetallics in an AI-11 Pct Si alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 37(6): 1987-1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0141-8.

Scott SA., Kral MV. and Brown SA. (2006) Bi on Graphite: Morphology and Growth of Star-Shaped Dendrites. Physical Review B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 73(20): 205424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.205424.

Wahab AA., Hutchinson CR. and Kral MV. (2006) A Three-Dimensional Characterization of Creep Void Formation in Hydrogen Reformer Tubes. Scripta Materialia 55(1): 69-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.02.045.

Kral MV. (2005) A Crystallographic Identification of Intermetallic Phases in Al-Si Alloys. Materials Letters 59(18): 2271-2276.

Kral MV. and Spanos G. (2005) Three Dimensional Analysis and Classification of Grain Boundary-Nucleated Proeutectoid Ferrite Precipitates. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 36A(5): 1199-1207.

Scott SA., Kral MV. and Brown SA. (2005) A Crystallographic Orientation Transition And Early Stage Growth Characteristics Of Thin Bi Films On HOPG. Surface Science 587(3): 175-184.

Scott SA., Kral MV. and Brown SA. (2005) Growth of oriented Bi nanorods at graphite step-edges. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 72(20) 205423: 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1http://dx.doi.org/103/PhysRevB.72.205423.

Spanos G., Wilson AW. and Kral MV. (2005) New Insights into the Widmanstätten Proeutectoid Ferrite Transformation: Integration of crystallographic and three-dimensional morphological observations. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions 36A(5): 1209-1218.

Wahab A. and Kral MV. (2005) 3D Analysis of Creep Voids in Hydrogen Reformer Tubes. Materials Science and Engineering A 412(1-2): 222-229.

Kral MV., McIntyre HR. and Smillie MJ. (2004) Identification of intermetallic phases in a eutectic Al-Si casting alloy using electron backscatter diffraction pattern analysis. Scripta Materialia 51(3): 215-219.

Song GS. and Kral MV. (2004) Characterization of Cast Mg-Li-Ca Alloys. Materials Characterization 54(4-5): 279-286.

Song GS., Staiger M. and Kral M. (2004) Some new characteristics of the strengthening phase in β-phase magnesium-lithium alloys containing aluminum and beryllium. Materials Science and Engineering A 371(1-2): 371-376.

Uchic MD., Kral MV., Spanos G. and Dimiduk DM. (2004) Symposium on Characterization and Representation of Materials Microstructures in 3D - Foreword. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions 35A(7): 1925.

Kral MV. and Spanos G. (2003) Crystallography of grain boundary cementite dendrites. Acta Materialia 51(2): 301-311.

Hung CY., Spanos G., Rosenberg RO. and Kral MV. (2002) Three-dimensional observations of proeutectoid cementite precipitates at short isothermal transformation times. Acta Materialia 50(15): 3781-3788.

Kral MV. (2000) Transmission Electron Microscopy of Deep Etched Cementite. Materials Characterization 45(2): 105-110.

Kral MV. and Fonda RW. (2000) The primary growth direction of Widmanstatten cementite laths. Scripta Materialia 43(2): 193-198.

Kral MV., Mangan MA., Spanos G. and Rosenberg RO. (2000) Three-Dimensional Analysis of Microstructures. Materials Characterization 45(1): 17-23.

Kral MV. and Spanos G. (1999) Three Dimensional Analysis of Proeutectoid Cementite Precipitates. Acta Metallurgica 47(2): 711-724.

Mangan MA., Spanos G. and Kral MV. (1999) Correlation Between the Crystallography and Morphology of Proeutectoid Widmanstatten Cementite Precipitates.. Acta Materialia 47(17): 4263-4274.

Kral MV. and Mangan MA. (1998) The Morphology and Crystallography of Proeutectoid Widmansttten Cementite Precipitates. Materials Australia 30(5): 10-16.

Lane JE., Bogitsh BJ., Ribeiro-Rodrigues R., Kral MV., Jones MM. and Carter CE. (1998) Ultrastructural effects of the chelating agent 1, 10-phenanthroline on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes in vitro. Parasitol. Res 84(5): 399-402.

Kral MV. and Spanos G. (1997) Three Dimensional Morphology of Cementite Precipitates. Scripta Materialia 36(8): 875-882.

Kral MV., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1997) Interphase Boundary Precipitation in a Ti-1.7 at % Er Alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 28A(12): 2485-2497.

Kral MV., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1997) Interphase boundary precipitation in a Ti-1.7 At. Pct Er alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 28(12): 2485-2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0006-9.

Kral MV., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1997) Morphology and Crystallography of Interphase Precipitates in Undercooled, Rapidly Solidified Titanium Rare Earth Alloys. Scripta Materialia and Metallurgica 36(8): 157-163.

Kral MV., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1997) Precipitate Crystallography and Morphology in Undercooled Rapidly Solidified Titanium Rare Earth Alloys. Scripta Materialia and Metallurgica 36(2): 157-163.

Bassler BT., Hofmeister WH., Kral MV. and Bayuzick RJ. (1994) The Effect of Erbium Additions on the Solidification Behavior of Gamma Titanium Aluminum. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 364: 1011-1016.

Kral MV., Bassler BT., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1994) Microstructures in Rapidly Solidified gTi-Al Alloys with Erbium Additions. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 364: 817-822.

Kral MV., Davidson JL. and Wert JJ. (1993) Erosion Resistance of Diamond Coatings. Wear 166: 7-16.

Chapters

Kral MV. (2012) Proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations in steels. Phase Transformations in Steels: 225-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857096104.2.225.

Kral MV. (2012) Proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations in steels. In Pereloma E; Edmonds DV (Ed.), Phase transformations in steels. Volume 1: Fundamentals and diffusion controlled transformations: 225-275. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857096104.2.225.

Spanos G., Rowenhorst DJ., Kral MV., Voorhees PW. and Kammer D. (2010) Three-Dimensional Microstructure Representation. In Furrer DU; Semiatin SL (Ed.), ASM Handbook, Volume 22B, Metals Process Simulation: 100-109. Metals Park: ASM International.

Kral MV., Ice GE., Miller MK., Uchic MD. and Rosenberg RO. (2004) Three-Dimensional Microscopy. In Vander Voort G (Ed.), ASM Handbook Volume 9: Metallography and Microstructures: 448-467. Materials Park: ASM International.

Kral MV. and Spanos G. (2001) Proeutectoid Cementite. In Buschow J; Cahn R; Flemings M; Ilschner B; Kramer E; Mahajan S; Veyssiere P (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (2nd ed.): 7893-7898. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Kral MV., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1995) Undercooled Rapidly Solidified Titanium-Rare Earth Alloys. In Froes FH; Suryanarayana C; Ward-Close eds CM (Ed.), Synthesis/Processing of Lightweight Metallic Materials: 27-42. Materials Park: TMS.

Conference Contributions - Published

Loporcaro G., Cuevas A., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2018) Monotonic and low-cycle fatigue properties of earthquake-damaged New Zealand steel reinforcing bars. The experience after the Christchurch 2010/2011 earthquakes. In Bartoli G; Betti M; Fagone M; Pintucchi B (Eds). Procedia Structural Integrity 11: 194-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.026.

Kral M., Loporcaro G. and Pampanin S. (2017) Case Study: Application of The Hardness Method to Estimate the Residual Capacity of Reinforcement in an Earthquake Damaged Building. In.

Kral MV. (2017) Failure Analysis of a Large Silo. In MS&T17 admin (Eds). MS&T17 Conference Proceedings.

Loporcaro G., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2016) Comparison between accelerated and natural strain ageing effects on NZ manufactured Grade 300E steel reinforcing bars. In Proceedings of NZSEE 2016: 11.

Stevens K., Thomas C., Saunders-Tack A., McLeod A., Bishop C., Kral M. and De Lorenzo B. (2016) Case study on inspection of ethylene furnace radiant tubes. In 28th Ethylene Producers' Conference 2016 - Topical Conference at the 2016 AIChE Spring Meeting and 12th Global Congress on Process Safety: 316-328.

Stevens K., Thomas C., Saunders-Tack A., McLeod A., Bishop C., Kral M. and De Lorenzo B. (2016) Case study on inspection of ethylene furnace radiant tubes. In AIChE Ethylene Producers Conference Proceedings 2016-January: 316-328.

Loporcaro G., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2015) Experimental validation of "the hardness method" to estimate the residual ductility of plastically deformed steel reinforcement. In.

McLeod A., Stevens K. and Kral MV. (2015) Microstructural Characterization and Image Analysis in Ex-Service Ethylene Pyrolysis Tubes. In 21(53): 453-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615003062.

Loporcaro G., Pampanin S. and Kral MV. (2014) Investigating the relationship between hardness and plastic strain in reinforcing steel bars. In.

Imizcoz P., Tait P. and Kral MV. (2013) Experiences during Manufacturing of Reformer Outlet Pigtails. In AIChE, Ammonia Plant Safty and Related Facilities v12 (CEP Tech Manual) 54(2013): 213-224.

Kumar P. and Kral MV. (2011) Interface Evolution in Tungsten Wire Reinforced Stainless Steel Composites. In Supplemental Proceedings: Materials Fabrication, Properties, Characterization, and Modeling 2: 883-901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062142.ch107.

Kumar P. and Kral MV. (2011) Interface evolution in tungsten wire reinforced stainless steel composites. In TMS Annual Meeting 2: 883-893.

Sidhu M. and Kral M. (2010) Erosion of Ferrous Alloys by Liquid Aluminum. In.

Knowles D., Buchanan K. and Kral MV. (2009) Condition Assessment Strategies in Centrifugally Cast HP Steam Reformer Tube Alloys. In.

Wahab AA. and Kral MV. (2008) A three dimensional view of high temperature creep damage. In : 191-194.

Scott SA., Kral MV. and Brown SA. (2006) Growth of nanorods and mesoscale stars prior to an orientation transition in thin Bi films on graphite. In Applied Surface Science 252(15): 5563-5567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.12.015.

Abdul Wahab A. and Kral MV. (2005) Three-Dimensional Analysis of Creep Voids. In Microscopy and Microanalysis 11: 224-225.

Kral MV. and Spanos G. (2005) Three-dimensional analysis and classification of grain-boundary-nucleated proeutectoid ferrite precipitates. In Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 36(5): 1199-1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0212-2.

Miller D. and Kral MV. (2005) The Selection and Testing of Compression Seal and Chamber Coating Materials for the PivotalTM Engine. In World Tribology Congress III 1: 957-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/WTC2005-64379.

Sato T., Mordike BL., Nie JF. and Kral MV. (2005) An Electron Microscope Study of Intermetallic Phases in AZ91 Alloy Variants. In Magnesium Technology 2005: 435-440.

Spanos G., Wilson AW. and Kral MV. (2005) New insights into the widmanstätten proeutectoid ferrite transformation: Integration of crystallographic and three-dimensional morphological observations. In Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 36(5): 1209-1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0213-1.

Kral M. (2004) Effects of Simultaneous NA and SR Additions in a Eutectic Al- SI Casting Alloy. In : 14pp.

McIntyre HR., Looij J. and Kral MV. (2004) Effects of Simultaneous Na and Sr Additions in a Eutectic Al-Si Casting Alloy. In Solidification of Aluminum Alloys: 111-120.

Sato T. and Kral M. (2004) An Electron Microscope Study Of Intermetallic Phases In AZxx Alloy Variants. In : 10pp.

Fonda RW., Kral MV. and Reynolds WT. (2003) The Interfacial Structure of Widmanstätten Cementite Laths. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Characterization and Modeling of Austenite Formation and Decomposition at Materials Science and Technology 2003 Meeting: 425-436.

Song GS., Staiger MP. and Kral MV. (2003) Enhancement of the Properties of Mg-Li Alloys by Small Alloying Additions. In : 77-80.

Spanos G. and Kral MV. (2003) The Proeutectoid Cementite Transformation. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Characterization and Modeling of Austenite Formation and Decomposition at Materials Science and Technology 2003 Meeting: 415-424.

Spanos G., Hung CY. and Kral MV. (2003) The Morphology, Crystallography, and Formation Mechanism of Grain Boundary Proeutectoid Cementite in High Carbon Steels. In THERMEC'2003: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials: 1599-1604.

Spanos G., Kral MV. and Wilson AW. (2003) Some recent applications of electron & optical microscopy techniques to study phase transformations in steels. In Microscopy and Microanalysis 9(SUPPL. 2): 40-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603441202.

Spanos G., Kral MV. and Wilson AW. (2003) Some Recent Applications of Electron and Optical Microscopy Techniques to Study Phase Transformations in Steels. In Microscopy and Microanalysis 9(Supplement S02): 40-41.

Hung C. and Kral MV. (2001) Three-Dimensional Analysis of Proeutectoid Cementite Precipitate Morphologies. In Proceedings of the 2001 Joint Conference of SCENZ/FEANZ/EMG(Extended Abstract): 174-176.

Kral MV. (2001) Relating Crystal Orientations With Shapes Using TEM. In Proceedings of the 2001 Joint Conference of SCENZ/FEANZ/EMG(Extended Abstract): 171-173.

Fonda RW. and Kral MV. (2000) The Morphology of Widmanstatten Cementite Laths. In Microscopy and Microanalysis 6(Supplement 2): 342-343.

Kral MV., Mangan MA. and Spanos G. (1999) Relating the Crystallography and Morphology of Proeutectoid Widmanstatten Cementite Precipitates. In : 1497-1500.

Spanos G. and Kral MV. (1999) Three Dimensional Reconstruction and Classification of Ferrite Precipitates. In : 1469-1472.

Kral MV. and Mangan MA. (1998) The Morphology and Crystallography of Proeutectoid Widmanstatten Cementite Precipitates. In : 511-516.

Lanzagorta M., Kral MV., Swan JE., Spanos G., Rosenberg RO. and Kuo E. (1998) Three-dimensional visualization of microstructures. In : 487-490.

Bassler TB., Kral MV., Hofmeister WH. and Bayuzick RJ. (1995) Effect of erbium additions on the solidification behavior of γ-tial. In Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings 364(2): 1011-1015.

Kral MV., Bassler BT., Hofmeister WH. and Wittig JE. (1995) Microstructures in rapidly solidified gamma titanium-aluminum alloys with erbium additions. In Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings 364(2): 817-822.

Conference Contributions - Other

Loporcaro G., Pampanin S. and Kral M. (2020) Low-cycle fatigue testing on strain-aged steel reinforcing bars. Christchurch, New Zealand: 8th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering, 3-5 Feb 2020.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2020) Nitridation of Commercial Austenitic Stainless Steel: The Need for Multi-Scale Microstructural Characterisation. Canberra, Australia: 26th Australian Conference on Microscopy & Microanalysis, 16-20 Feb 2020.

Breeuwer N., Lewis DJ., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2019) Processing-structure-property Relations in 70/30 Brass with Spatially Varying Grain Size Distributions. Portland, OR, USA: MS&T 2019, 29 Sep-4 Oct 2019.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2019) Microstructural Evolution of Austenitic Stainless Steel During Nitridation. Porland, OR, USA: MS&T 2019, 29 Sep-4 Oct 2019.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2019) Time-Temperature-Precipitation Characteristics of Nitride Penetration in Austenitic Stainless Steel. Hamilton, New Zealand: New Zealand Conference on Microscopy, 11-14 Nov 2019.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2019) Time-Temperature-Precipitation Characteristics of Nitride Penetration in Austenitic Stainless Steel. Portland, OR, USA: MS&T 2019, 29 Sep-4 Oct 2019.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2019) Time-Temperature-Precipitation Characteristics of Nitride Penetration in Austenitic Stainless Steel. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand: Materials@UC 2019, 25-26 Nov 2019.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2018) Microstructural analysis and kinetics of internal nitridation of Incoloy 800H. Sydney, Australia: International Microscopy Congress IMC19, 9-14 Sep 2018.

Young A., Kral M. and Bishop C. (2018) Multi-Scale Microscopy: Combining Techniques for Characterisation of Internal Corrosion.. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand: Materials@UC 2019, 3-4 Dec 2018.

Brice C., Bishop C. and Kral MV. (2017) Compositional Sensitivity of Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloy 2139. Melbourne, Australia: 1st Asia-Pacific International Conference on Additive Manufacturing, 4-6 Dec 2017.

Bishop CM., Mucalo S. and Kral MV. (2016) Recrystallised grain size distribution and mechanical response of formed components in Incoloy 800H. Salt Palace Convention Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: MS&T16 Materials Science and Technology, 23-27 Oct 2016.

Mucalo SP., Kral MV. and Bishop CM. (2016) Recrystallized Grain Size Distribution of Formed Components in Incoloy 800H. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: The 6th International Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth (ReX&GG 2016), 17-21 Jul 2016.

McLeod AC., Bishop CM., Stevens KJ. and Kral MV. (2015) Microstructural Characterization and Image Analysis in Ex-Service HP Alloy Ethylene Pyrolysis Tubes. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand: Microscopy New Zealand Conference, 2-6 Feb 2015.

Mucalo SP., Kral MV. and Bishop CM. (2015) Spatial grain size distribution characterization in Austenite using EBSD. Dunedin, New Zealand: 2015 Microscopy New Zealand Conference, 2-6 Feb 2015.

Bearsley AL. and Kral MV. (2014) Creep Deformation Mechanism Map for Incoloy 800H. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Materials Science & Technology 2014 Conference and Exhibit (MS&T '14), 12-16 Oct 2014.

Brice C., Buchanan KG. and Kral MV. (2013) Microstructural Evaluation of EBF3 Deposited Aluminum Alloys. Waikaloa, HI, USA: 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM-8), 4-9 Aug 2013.

Kral MV. and Gardiner B. (2013) Prediction of Creep Life of Alloy 800H Using EBSD Grain Size Measurement Methods. Waikaloa, HI, USA: 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM-8), 4-9 Aug 2013.

Kral MV. and Gardiner BR. (2013) The Measuring Grain Size Distribution and its Effect on Secondary Creep Rate. San Antonio, TX, USA: IMS Quantitative Metallography Conference and Exposition, 3-5 Apr 2013.

Kral MV. and McLeod A. (2013) The Relationship between Microstructure and Magnetic Properties in Ethylene Pyrolysis Tubes. Waikaloa, HI, USA: 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM-8), 4-9 Aug 2013.

Donohue B. and Kral MV. (2012) Failure Analysis of Impeller Blade Cracking in a Mechanical Vapour Recompresor (MVR) Fan. Senlis, France: International Conference on Fan Noise, Technology and Numerical Methods (fan2012), 18-20 Apr 2012.

Kral M. (2012) Low Cost, Real-Time Measurement of Hydrogen Content in Aluminium. Taupo, New Zealand: Casting Technology New Zealand 2012 Conference and Annual General Meeting, 3-5 Aug 2012.

Kral M. and Buchanan K. (2012) Effects of Long Term Aging on Creep Properties of HP Alloy Hydrogen Reformer Tubes. Orlando, FL, USA: 14th Annual TMS Meeting & Exhibition, 11-15 Mar 2012.

Kral M., Buchanan K., Brice C., Domack M., Shenoy R. and Hofmeister W. (2012) Characterization of Electron Beam Deposited Aluminum Alloy 2139. Orlando, FL, USA: 14th Annual TMS Meeting & Exhibition, 11-15 Mar 2012.

Kral MV. and Gardiner B. (2012) Morphology and Crystallography of Annealing Twins in Austenite. Seven Springs, PA, USA: 1st International Conference on 3D Materials Science, 8-12 Jul 2012.

McCleod A., Stevens K. and Kral M. (2012) The Effects of Microstructure upon Remaining Life of Carburized Ethylene Pyrolysis Tubes. Orlando, FL, USA: 14th Annual TMS Meeting & Exhibition, 11-15 Mar 2012.

Buchanan K. and Kral MV. (2010) Effects of Long Term Aging on Creep Properties of HP Reformer Tubes. Cairns, Australia: The 7th Pacific Rim International Conference on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM), 2-6 Aug 2010.

Drabble D. and Kral M. (2009) Grain Boundary Engineering Alloy 800HT. San Francisco, CA, USA: TMS 2009 Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 15-19 Feb 2009.

Drabble D. and Kral M. (2008) Grain Boundary Engineering Alloy 800HT. New Orleans, LA, USA: TMS 2008 Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 9-13 Mar 2008.

Spanos G. and Kral MV. (2008) The Proeutectoid Cementite Transformation. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Materials Science & Technology 2008 Conference and Exhibition (MS&T'08), 5-9 Oct 2008.

Krumdieck SP., Gervet B., Cave H., Lebedev M. and Kral M. (2007) Carbon nanofibres by Pulsed-CVD. Wellington, New Zealand: Third International Conference of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology (AMN-3), 11-16 Feb 2007.

Sato T., Mordike B., Nie JF. and Kral M. (2007) Microstructure Study of Pure Mg and Mg-Al at Various Stages of Creep Using EBSD. Orlando, FL, USA: TMS 2007: Linking Science and Technology for Global Solutions, 25 Feb-1 Mar 2007.

Kral MV. (2006) Three Dimensional View of High Temperature Creep Damage. Wellington, New Zealand: International Workshop on Materials Issues Governing the Performance of Advanced 21st Century Energy Systems, 1-1 Mar 2006.

Kral MV. and Jones F. (2006) The Effect of High Pressure Carburizing and Nitriding Atmospheres on Heat Resistant Alloys at Elevated Temperatures. Cincinnati, OH, USA: Materials Science & Technology (MS&T) 2006 Conference and Exhibition, 15-19 Oct 2006.

Sato T., Mordike BL., Nie JF. and Kral MV. (2006) Microstructural Study of Magnesium Alloys at Various Stages of Creep Using EBSD. San Antonio, TX, USA: 135th Annual Meeting of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), 12-16 Mar 2006.

Wahab AA. and Kral MV. (2006) 3D Analysis of Early Stages of Creep Void Development. San Antonio, TX, USA: 135th Annual Meeting of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), 12-16 Mar 2006.

Miller DJ. and Kral MV. (2005) The Selection and Testing of Compression Seal and Chamber Coating Materials for the Pivotal. Washington, DC, USA: World Tribology Conference III, 12 Sep 2005.

Sato T., Mordike BL., Nie JF. and Kral MV. (2005) An Electron Microscope Study of Intermetallic Phases in AZ91 Variants. San Francisco, CA, USA: TMS Annual Meeting, 13 Feb 2005.

Abdul Wahab A. and Kral MV. (2004) 3D Analysis of Creep Voids in Hydrogen Reformer Tubes. New Orleans, LA, USA: Materials Science and Technology (MS&T) 2004, 26 Sep 2004.

Kral MV. (2004) EBSD Analysis of Proeutectoid Widmanstätten Cementite in Austenitic Steel. New Orleans, LA, USA: Materials Science and Technology 2004, 26 Sep 2004.

Kral MV. (2004) Microstructural analysis of modified LM6. Christchurch, New Zealand: New Zealand Metals Industry Conference, 11 Nov 2004.

Kral MV. and Wahab AA. (2004) Three-dimensional Analysis of Creep Voids in Hydrogen Reformer Tubes. New Orleans, LA, USA: Materials Science and Technology 2004, 26 Sep 2004.

Spanos G. and Kral MV. (2004) Interfacial Structure of Cementite Dendrites Formed at Austenite Grain Boundaries. Charlotte, NC, USA: TMS Annual Meeting, 14 Mar 2004.

Kral MV. (2002) Serial Sectioning and 3D Reconstruction of Engineering Materials. Columbus, OH USA: TMS Fall Meeting 2002, 6 Oct 2002.

Kral MV. (2001) Grain Boundary Cementite in Austenite. Indianapolis, IN, USA: TMS Fall Meeting 2001, 4 Nov 2001.

Edited Volumes

Kral MV., Spanos G. and Moore PG. (1997) Three-Dimensional Analysis of Microstructures. Washington D.C.: US Naval Research Laboratory. 126-128.

Reports

Kral M. (2022) Failure Analysis of Fire Service Standpipes.Commissioned by NZ Fire Service.

Kral M. (2022) Pike River Mine Component Analysis.Commissioned by NZ Police.

Kral M. (2020) Field Inspection of a Failed Wind Turbine Blade..

Kral M. (2020) Wallace Group Waitoa Drier Rotor Failure Analysis..

Kral M. (2019) Failure Analysis of Locking Safety Wire.Commissioned by Maritime New Zealand.

Kral M. (2019) WPI Bale Press Column Failure..

Kral M. (2018) Copper Water Cylinder Corrosion Analysis.Commissioned by Superheat.

Kral M. (2018) Summary of damage to 316SS components from WDC Ocean Outfall.Commissioned by Buddle Findlay.

Kral M. (2017) Steel testing from BNZ Harbour Quays Building Wellington.Commissioned by Harbour Quays F1F2 Ltd.

Kral M. (2016) Silo Failure Investigation.Commissioned by Fonterra Edendale.

Kral MV. (2016) Analysis of Corroded and Pitted Copper Pipes.Commissioned by DLA Piper for Capital and Coast District Health Board.

Kral MV. (2016) Assessment of Damage to Rebar in Lancaster Park Summary Report.Commissioned by Christchurch City Council.

Kral MV. (2016) Assessment of Damage to Rebar in the Lincoln University Union Building.Commissioned by Lincoln University.

Kral MV. (2016) Compliance of steel mesh with ductility requirements.Commissioned by MBIE Determinations and Assurance.

Kral MV. (2016) Damage to Rebar in the Millennium Hotel.Commissioned by Beca.

Kral MV. (2016) Fracture of threaded reinforcing bars.Commissioned by Holmes Solutions.

Kral MV. and Loporcaro G. (2016) Testing of earthquake damage to reinforcing steel in concrete buildings.Commissioned by Lincoln University.

Kral MV. (2015) Damage to Rebar in Lincoln Hilgendorf Building.Commissioned by Lincoln University.

Kral MV. (2015) Damage to Rebar in the 96 Lichfield Street Building.Commissioned by Opus International.

Kral MV. (2015) Failure analysis of eyebolts.Commissioned by Network Waitaki.

Kral MV. (2015) Failure analysis of Twistlock.Commissioned by Port Nelson.

Kral MV. (2015) Hopuruahine Suspension Bridge Chain Link Failure.Commissioned by Department of Conservation.

Kral MV. (2015) Metallurgical assessment of Duplex Stainless Steel.Commissioned by C.W.F. Hamilton Jet.

Kral MV. (2015) Reports on various CCC assets including: Manchester Street Car Park, Lichfield Street Car Park, Bus Exchange, Central Public Library.Commissioned by Christchurch City Council.

Kral MV. (2015) Rusting of stainless steel fixtures.Commissioned by Tait Communications.

Kral MV. (2014) Engineering Investigations into Fatal Lift Incident.Commissioned by Worksafe NZ.

Cameron L. and Kral MV. (2004) Metal Dusting of 316SS at High Temperatures..

Kral MV. (2004) Analysis of Windflow Damper (0418)..

Kral MV. (2004) Corrosion of AL5083 Boat Hull..

Kral MV. (2004) Environmentally assisted cracking of Plastics..

Kral MV. (2004) Failure Analysis of Axle (0417)..

Kral MV. (2004) Failure of DU85 Test Bars (0423)..

Kral MV. (2004) Heat Exchanger Tube Failure Analysis..

Kral MV. (2004) Impeller Failure Analysis..

Kral MV. (2004) Intitial Testing of NDA Expandapads..

Kral MV. (2004) Solder Joint Analysis..

Oral Presentations

Scott S., Brown SA. and Kral M. (2005) Self-Assembly of Nanoscale Bi and Sb Surface Islands. Queenstown, New Zealand: 2nd International Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology (AMN-2).

Kral MV. (2004) Identification of Iron-rich Intermetallics in Al-Si Casting Alloys using EBSD. New Orleans LA USA: Materials Science and Technology 2004.

Kral MV. (2004) Microstructural analysis of modified LM6. Christchurch New Zealand: New Zealand Metals Industry Conference, 10 Mar 2004.

Song GS., Staiger M. and Kral MV. (2003) Lattice Strain in the presence of strengthening-phase precipitates in beta-phase magnesium-lithium alloys containing aluminium and beryllium. Brisbane, Australia: Light Metals Technology, 10 Nov 2004.

Song GS., Staiger MS. and Kral MV. (2003) Enhancement of the properties of Mg-Li alloys by small alloying additions. San Diego, CA USA: TMS Annual Meeting 2003, 01 Jun 2004.

Gunson AJ., Poggie RA. and Kral MV. (2001) Three Dimensional Reconstruction And Modeling Of A Porous Tantalum Biomaterial. St Paul Minnesota: Society for Biomaterials 27th Annual Meeting, 26 Sep 2004.

Kral MV. (2001) Relating Crystal Orientations With Shapes Using TEM. Auckland New Zealand: 2001 Joint Conference Of SCENZ / FEANZ / EMG, 02 Mar 2003.

Film/Video

Kral MV., Spanos G. and Rosenberg RO.(2001) Three-Dimensional Analysis of Microstructures. [video].

Kral MV., Spanos G. and Rosenberg RO.(2001) Three-Dimensional Analysis of Microstructures. [Video].

Editorial Work

Displaying all items.

Metallurgical and Material Transactions Editorial Board Member ( 1997 - 2002)
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions Editorial Board Member ( 2000 - 2023)
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions Editorial Board Member ( 2000 - 2005)

Review and Refereeing