Research/Scholarly/Creative Works

Journal Articles

• Fromont R., Clark L., Wilson-Black J. and Blackwood M. (2023) Maximizing accuracy of forced alignment for spontaneous child speech.. Language Development Research 3(1): 182-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.34842/shrr-sv10.

• Wilson Black J., Brand J., Hay J. and Clark L. (2023) Using principal component analysis to explore co-variation of vowels. Language and Linguistics Compass 17(1) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12479.

• Carmichael K., Clark L. and Hay J. (2022) Lessons learned: the long view. Linguistics Vanguard 8(S3): 353-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0050.

• Villarreal D. and Clark L. (2022) Intraspeaker Priming across the New Zealand English Short Front Vowel Shift. Language and Speech 65(3): 713-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00238309211053033.

• Brand J., Hay J., Clark L., Watson K. and Sóskuthy M. (2021) Systematic co-variation of monophthongs across speakers of New Zealand English. Journal of Phonetics 88 101096: 101096-101096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2021.101096.

• Villarreal D., Clark L., Hay J. and Watson K. (2021) Gender separation and the speech community: Rhoticity in early 20th century Southland New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 33(2): 245-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954394521000090.

• Clark L. and Williams GJ. (2020) English Language Proficiency in Radiotelephony: A survey about its effect on the safety and efficiency of aviation. The ESPecialist 41(4) http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2318-7115.2020v41i4a9.

• Villarreal D., Clark L., Hay J. and Watson K. (2020) From categories to gradience: Auto-coding sociophonetic variation with random forests. Laboratory Phonology 11(1) 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/labphon.216.

• Van Eyndhoven S. and Clark L. (2019) The - switch: An empirical account of the anglicisation of a Scots variant in Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. English Language and Linguistics : 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360674319000078.

• Whisker-Taylor K. and Clark L. (2019) Yorkshire Assimilation: Exploring the Production and Perception of a Geographically Restricted Variable. Journal of English Linguistics 47(3): 221-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00754242198490.

• Clark L. (2018) Priming as a Motivating Factor in Sociophonetic Variation and Change. Topics in Cognitive Science 10(4): 729-744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tops.12338.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2016) Phonological leveling, diffusion, and divergence:/t/lenition in Liverpool and its hinterland. Language Variation and Change 28(1): 31-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954394515000204.

• Clark L., MacGougan H., Hay J. and Walsh L. (2016) "Kia ora. This is my earthquake story". Multiple applications of a sociolinguistic corpus. Ampersand 3: 13-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2016.01.001.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2015) Exploring listeners' real-time reactions to regional accents. Language Awareness 24(1): 38-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2014.882346.

• Maguire W., Clark L. and Watson K. (2013) Introduction: what are mergers and can they be reversed? English Language and Linguistics 17(2): 229-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360674313000014.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2013) How salient is the NURSE~SQUARE merger? English Language and Linguistics 17(2): 297-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S136067431300004X.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2011) Testing claims of a usage-based phonology with Liverpool English t-to-r. English Language and Linguistics 15(3): 523-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360674311000153.

• Schleef E., Meyerhoff M. and Clark L. (2011) Teenagers' acquisition of variation: A comparison of locally-born and migrant teens' realisation of English (ing) in Edinburgh and London. English World-Wide: A Journal of Varieties of English 32(2): 206-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.32.2.04sch.

• Clark L. and Schleef E. (2010) The acquisition of sociolinguistic evaluations among Polish-born adolescents learning English: Evidence from perception. Language Awareness 19(4): 299-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2010.524301.

• Clark L. and Trousdale G. (2009) Exploring the role of token frequency in phonological change: Evidence from TH-Fronting in east-central Scotland. English Language and Linguistics 13(1): 33-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360674308002852.

• Clark L. (2008) Re-examining vocalic variation in Scottish English: A Cognitive Grammar approach. Language Variation and Change 20(2): 255-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954394508000094.

• Clark L. (2007) Cognitive sociolinguistics: A viable approach to variation in linguistic theory. LACUS Forum 33: 105-118.

• Clark L. (2006) A Cognitive Approach to Social Networks. LACUS Forum 32: 67-79.

Edited Volumes

• Maguire W., Clark L. and Watson K. (2013) English Language and Linguistics 17(2) Special Issue: Phonological mergers in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 161pp.

Chapters

• Watson KD. and Clark L. (2017) The Origins of Liverpool English. In Hickey R (Ed.), Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English: 114-141. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781107279865.007.

• Clark L. (2014) Phonological repetition effects in natural conversation: evidence from TH-fronting in Fife. In Lawson R (Ed.), Sociolinguistics in Scotland: 153-176. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

• Clark L. and Trousdale G. (2013) Using participant observation and social network analysis. In Krug M; Schluter J (Ed.), Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: 36-52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• Clark L. (2012) Dialect data, lexical frequency and the usage-based approach. In de Vogelear G; Sieler G (Ed.), Dialects as a Testing Ground for Theories of Language Change: 53-72. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

• McMahon A., Barras W., Clark L., Knooihuizen R., Patten A. and Sullivan J. (2011) Language Matters 1: Linguistics. In Bate J (Ed.), The Public Value of the Humanities: 462-483. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

• Clark L. and Trousdale G. (2010) A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland. In Geeraerts D; Kristiansen G; Peirsman Y (Ed.), Cognitive Linguistics Research Vol. 45: Advances in Cognitive Sociolinguistics: 291-322. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton.

Conference Contributions - Other

• Clark L. and Bonness D. (2022) NZE as a Settler Colonial Variety of English: evidence from letters and speech. University of Newcastle: International Society for the Linguistics of English (ISLE) Summer School, 4-8 Jul 2022.

• Fromont R., Clark L., Wilson Black J. and Blackwood M. (2022) Forced Alignment of Child Speech: comparing HTK and Kaldi-based aligners. Griffith University: SocioPhonAus: 3rd Workshop on Sociophonetic Variability in the English Varieties of Australia, 10-12 Feb 2023.

• Wilson Black J., Hay J., Brand J. and Clark L. (2022) The overlooked effect of amplitude on within-speaker vowel variation. Griffith University: SocioPhonAus: Third workshop on Sociophonetic Variability in the English Varieties of Australia, 11-12 Jul 2022.

• Wilson Black J., Hay J., Clark L. and Brand J. (2022) Topical structure, amplitude variation, and F1 in single-speaker narrative recordings. University of Otago: NZ Linguistics Society conference, 7-9 Dec 2022.

• Clark L. and King J. (2021) Borrowings: Te Reo Māori kupu in NZE. Waikato/online (hybrid): NZ Linguistics Society Conference (Language and Society), 10-12 Feb 2021.

• Brand J., Hay J., Clark L., Watson K. and Soskuthy M. (2020) At the margins of vowel-space change: Leaders and laggers in the evolution of vocalic subsystems. Vancouver (online): Laboratory Phonology 17, 8 Jul 2020.

• Brand J., Hay J., Clark L., Watson K. and Soskuthy M. (2019) Detecting co-variation of vowels withing the time-course of conversations. University of Canterbury: Linguistic Society Conference of New Zealand, 28-29 Nov 2019.

Conference Contributions - Published

• Brand J., Hay J., Clark L., Watson K. and Sóskuthy M. (2019) Systematic covariation of monophthongs across speakers of New Zealand English. In Calhoun S; Escudero P; Tabain M; Warren P (Eds). Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: 1878-1882. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science Technology Association Inc.

Conference Contributions - Other

• Villarreal D., Clark L., Hay J. and Watson K. (2019) The Short Front Vowel Shift in Southland English. University of Canterbury: Linguistics Society of New Zealand, 28 Nov 2019.

Conference Contributions - Published

• Villarreal D., Hay J. and Clark L. (2019) Modelling gradience in English /r/ via statistical classification. In Calhoun S; Escudero P; Tabain M; Paul W (Eds). Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: 1893-1897. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science Technology Association Inc.

Conference Contributions - Other

• Villarreal D., Papp V., Clark L., Hay J. and Watson K. (2019) Telling a new story with old data: Random-forest classification of non-prevocalic (r) in Southland New Zealand English. Macquarie University, Sydney: Variation and Language Processing, 23-25 Jan 2019.

• Clark L. and van Eyndhoven S. (2018) The Effects of Socio-Political Change on Historical Scots. University of Edinburgh: 20th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, 26-31 Aug 2018.

• Clark L. and Villarreal D. (2018) Intraspeaker phonological priming in sociolinguistic variation. Auckland University: Sociolinguistics Symposium 22, 27 Jun-30 Jul 2018.

• Villarreal D., Clark L., Hay J. and Watson K. (2018) Directions of change in Southland English (r). Victoria University of Wellington: New Zealand Linguistiics Society Conference, 16-18 Nov 2018.

• Clark L. and Villarreal D. (2017) Phonological priming in consonants and vowels. Auckland: New Zealand Linguistics Society Conference, 23-24 Nov 2017.

• Clark L. (2016) Priming and sociophonetic variation in natural speech. Blacksburg, VA, USA: Sociolinguistics and Language Processing, 31 Mar-2 Apr 2016.

• Clark L. and van Eyndhoven S. (2015) The rise of Scottish Standard English: A Statistical Analysis of a Morphological Variable. Dunedin: New Zealand Linguistics Society conference, 14-15 Dec 2015.

• Clark L., Hay J., Rathcke T., Stuart-Smith J. and Watson K. (2015) How Scottish ancestry influenced early New Zealanders' vowel lengths. Dunedin, New Zealand: New Zealand Linguistics Society, 14-15 Dec 2015.

• Watson K., Clark L. and van Eyndhoven S. (2015) T-to-R in north-west England: lexical frequency, schema strength and transitional probability. Newcastle, UK: 13th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 20-25 Jul 2015.

• Watson K., Hay J., Stuart-Smith J., Clark L. and Rathcke T. (2015) How Scottish ancestry influenced early New Zealanders' vowel lengths. York, UK: 10th UK Language Variation and Change Conference (UKLVC), 1-3 Sep 2015.

• Clark L. (2014) Recency effects on word-medial /t/ in New Zealand English. Newcastle, Australia: Australian Linguistics Society Conference, 10-12 Dec 2014.

• Clark L. (2014) The UC Linguistics Amazing Race: a model for the NZ Linguistics Olympiad? University of Waikato: New Zealand Linguistics Society Conference (Language in Society), 25-28 Nov 2014.

• Clark L. and McGougan H. (2014) Resources for students and teachers from the QuakeBox Canterbury earthquake stories. University of Waikato: New Zealand Linguistics Society Conference (Language in Society), 25-28 Nov 2014.

• Clark L. and Walsh L. (2014) Recency effects on word-medial /t/ in New Zealand English: initial observations. Christchurch, New Zealand: 15th International Australasian Speech Science & Technology Conference (SST), 2-5 Dec 2014.

• Clark L., Hay J., Walsh L. and Millar P. (2014) Investigating within-speaker variation in the QuakeBox Canterbury earthquake stories. Chicago, IL USA: New Ways of Analyzing Variation 43, 23-26 Oct 2014.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2013) Comparing individual speaker constraints with the speech community: /t/ debuccalisation in English. Christchurch, New Zealand: Variation and Language Processing Conference (VALP), 16-18 Jan 2013.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2013) The transmission and diffusion of /t/ debuccalisation. Sheffield, UK: UK Language Variation and Change (UKLVC), 2-4 Sep 2013.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2012) Sociolinguistic salience and the NURSE/SQUARE merger. Auckland, New Zealand: 13th Language and Society Conference, 27-28 Nov 2012.

• Watson K., Clark L. and Gold E. (2012) Phonological convergence and divergence in North-West England: the case of /t/ lenition. Auckland, New Zealand: 13th Language and Society Conference, 27-28 Nov 2012.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2011) Capturing listeners' real-time reactions to the NURSE~SQUARE merger. Boston, MA, USA: International Society for the Linguistics of English 2011 Conference (ISLE 2011), 17-21 Jun 2011.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2011) Evidence for phonological priming from sociophonetics. Edge Hill University, UK: 8th UK Language Variation and Change Conference (UKLVC8), 12-14 Sep 2011.

• Clark L., Watson K. and West H. (2011) Th-fronting in the north west: new data from an old friend. Edge Hill University, UK: 8th UK Language Variation and Change Conference (UKLVC8), 12-14 Sep 2011.

• Maguire W., Clark L. and Watson K. (2011) The meaning of 'merger'. Boston, MA, USA: International Society for the Linguistics of English 2011 Conference (ISLE 2011), 17-21 Jun 2011.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2011) Capturing listeners' real-time reactions to local and supralocal linguistic features. Chester, UK: Variation and Language Processing Conference, 11-13 Apr 2011.

• Watson K., Clark L. and West H. (2011) Changes in Liverpool English interdental fricatives. Wellington, New Zealand: 19th Biennial Conference of the Linguistics Society of New Zealand, 17-18 Nov 2011.

• Clark L. (2010) Phonological priming in natural conversation: some methodological and theoretical considerations. Landau, Germany: 34th International LAUD Symposium, 15-18 Mar 2010.

• Clark L. and Schleef E. (2010) Migrant teenagers' acquisition of social constraints: the case of gender and style. University of London, UK: Dialect and Social Change in Urban Diasporic Communities, 1-2 Jul 2010.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2010) Testing a usage-based phonology with northern English t-to-r. Montpellier, France: PAC Workshop 2010, The Phonology of English: usage, varieties and structure, 13-15 Sep 2010.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2010) t-to-r' in British English: Word Frequency, Constructions, and Sociolinguistics. San Antonio, TX, USA: New Ways of Analysing Variation (NWAV 39), 4-6 Nov 2010.

• Meyerhoff M., Schleef E. and Clark L. (2009) Attitudes towards varieties of English among Polish immigrants in the UK. Poznan, Poland: 40th Poznan Linguistics Meeting (PLM 2009), 2-5 Sep 2009.

• Meyerhoff M., Schleef E. and Clark L. (2009) Becoming local: Exploring adolescents' sociolinguistic limits and potential. Newcastle, UK: 7th UK Language Variation and Change Conference (UKLVC7), 1-3 Sep 2009.

• Meyerhoff M., Schleef E. and Clark L. (2009) Sociolinguistics and immigration: linguistic variation among Scottish-born and Polish-born adolescents in Edinburgh. Ottawa, Canada: New Ways of Analysing Variation (NWAV 38), 22-25 Oct 2009.

Conference Contributions - Published

• Meyerhoff M., Schleef E. and Clark L. (2009) Becoming local: Exploring adolescents' sociolinguistic limits and potential. In Proceedings of the BAAL Annual Conference 2009: 93-98.

Conference Contributions - Other

• Clark L. (2008) A usage-based approach to phonological variation and change: using non-standard varieties as a testing ground. Freiburg, Germany: 1st Triennial Conference of the International Society for the Linguistics of English (ISLE 1), 8-11 Oct 2008.

• Clark L. (2008) Dialect data and the usage-based approach. Leeds, UK: 13th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Methods XIII), 4-8 Aug 2008.

• Clark L. (2008) The social meaning of th-fronting in east-central Scotland. Amsterdam, Netherlands: 17th Sociolinguistic Symposium, 3-5 Apr 2008.

• Clark L. and Trousdale G. (2007) Entrenchment in Cognitive Sociolinguistics: variation and change in th-fronting in central Scotland. Poznan, Poland: 10th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 15-20 Jul 2007.

• Clark L. and Trousdale G. (2007) The role of frequency in phonological change: evidence from TH-fronting in Central Scotland. Toulouse, France: 2nd International Conference on the Linguistics of Contemporary English (ICLCE2), 2-4 Jul 2007.

• Clark L. (2006) New perspectives in sociolinguistics: a cognitive approach Affiliation. Limerick, Ireland: 16th Sociolinguistic Symposium, 6-8 Jul 2006.

Oral Presentations

• Clark L. (2021) What is the Southland accent? Maquarie University (presented virtually): Invited Speaker Series, 17 Sep 2021.

• Clark L. (2019) Do opposites attract or do birds of a feather flock together? Exploring the repetition and co-variation of linguistic variables within and across speakers. Plenary address.. Macquarie University, Sydney: Variation and Language Processing 4, 23 Jan 2019.

• Clark L. (2017) Medial /t/s in Middle Earth. University of Edinburgh: English Language Research Group Invited Talk, University of Edinburgh, 12 Dec 2017.

• Clark L. (2016) New Zealand English: a laboratory for phonological variation and change. Plenary address.. Christchurch, New Zealand: New Zealand English and English in New Zealand, 08 Jun 2016.

• Clark L. (2015) Phonological recency effects in natural speech - Invited talk. The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development: MARCS afternoon colloquium.

• Clark L. and Watson K. (2011) Sociophonetics meets Scouse: explorations in the production and perception of Liverpool English. University of Northumbria, UK: Linguistics Seminar Series.

• Clark L. and Watson KD. (2011) Liverpool English and its hinterland. Birmingham City University: Invited talk, Birmingham City School of English Research Seminar Series.

• Kerswill P., Watson KD. and Clark L. (2011) Salience. University of Bergen: Invited talk at the Language Change in Modern Sociolinguistics symposium.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2011) It's not just levelling: exploring phonological change in north-west England. Wellington, New Zealand: School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Seminars.

• Watson K. and Clark L. (2010) Exploring t-to-r in Liverpool and Lancashire. University of Manchester, UK: Invited talk at the University of Manchester Linguistics Seminar series.

Theses / Dissertations

• Clark L. (2009) Variation, Change and the Usage-based Approach. Edinburgh, Scotland. University of Edinburgh.

Student Supervision

Displaying all items.

Current
• PhD - Fouriner M: Scottish independence and linguistic identity in the Scottish Parliament
• PhD - Fournier M: A sociophonetic investigation of Scottish Parliament during the Scottish Independence Referendum
• PhD - Kaefer S: Sociolinguistic variation in Antarctica
• PhD - Van Eyndhoven S: Ideology and Identity in the use of written Scots during the Union of 1707
Completed
• PhD - Ali A: Media practices, language attitudes and sociophonetic variation in Pakistani Englidh (2019)
• PhD - Gibson A: Sociophonetics of popular music: insights from corpus analysis and speech perception experiments (2019)
• PhD - Gwasmeh M: The relationship between accentedness perception and listener attitudes (2021)
• PhD - Wang X: A Sociophonetic Account of L-words in Chinese Jin Dialect (2017)
• Masters - Middendorf J: Comparing Syntactic Persistence in Written and Spoken New Zealand English (2017)
• Masters - Shanmukha N: A Corpus-based Study of Speech Fluency across English Dialects (2017)
• Masters - Van Eyndhoven S: The Effects of Political Turbulence on Historical Scots (2018)
• Masters - Blackwood M: Kiwi Kindergartners: Exploring kindergarteners' vowel change in New Zealand English over six months (2022)
• Masters - Hurring G: Isolation, Identity, and Gender: An Investigation of Vowel Variation in the Gloriavale Christian Community (2021)
• Masters - Manhire L: “Yeah nah, she’ll be right” . An Attitudinal Study of ‘yeah nah’ in New Zealand English (2021)
• Masters - Pholi Z: Change in Politeness Strategies with Regards to Gender Differences in Disney Princess Films (2022)
• Honours - Darbyshire M: Origins of the English perfect constructions: variation between the be and have auxiliaries in Early Modern English (2012)
• Honours - van Eyndhoven S: The quh-wh switch: an empirical account of the Anglicisation of a Scots variant in seventeenth century Scotland (2015)

Review and Refereeing

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• English Language and Linguistics ( 2006 - 2023)
• Journal of Pragmatics ( 2011 - 2023)
• Journal of Sociolinguistics ( 2012 - 2023)
• Journal of Sociolinguistics and Language, Variation and Change. ( 2011 - 2023)
• Language Awareness ( 2006 - 2023)
• Language Variation and Change ( 2006 - 2023)
• Language Variation and Change ( 2013 - 2023)
• Lingua ( 2006 - 2023)
• Linguistic Variation ( 2015 - 2023)
• Linguistics ( 2006 - 2023)
• New Zealand English Journal ( 2016 - 2023)